My Friends Unconditional Service Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

My Friends Unconditional Service - Essay Example For young people today, friends are considered as one of the strongest influential characters and may have been expected to offer genuine care, love and to some extent, service. Friends are important gifts in a person’s life and frequently they serve many roles like confidant and companion. It is through my friends that I learned how to maintain peace, show honesty and respect the feelings of other people. My friends were able to let me properly reflect and assess the situations before making crucial decisions. They tried so hard to convince me by explaining and citing examples of the various consequences, if and when, I engage to undesirable situations like cutting of classes, take my studies for granted, disrespect my parents, involve in the use of prohibited substances and other sources of dilemma. Friends are usually the first to become aware of our experiences of distress. My friends express sincerity and concern, which in the same manner enabled me to be in service to others as well and how I can be more helpful. Indeed my friends keep me out of trouble and all what they have shared, to me are examples of unconditional service. Sometimes when we think about friend’s service and generosity, the size of the gifts they give, or favors they shared are the few concrete things that come across our minds.

Magnolia - sequence review Essay Example for Free

Magnolia sequence review Essay But the sky is cloudy, still I would like to assume that Stanley likes arriving at his school. The second sequence focuses on a different character the Grown up ex-boy genius Donnie Smith. Just as in the first sequence from this clip we have a fast tracking shot into a television, which then fills and becomes the screen. This is to show this next sequence is a TV show. The same game show What Do Kids Know? is shown but as is the room in a distinctly dated style. They are wearing light blue graduation robes and graduation hats suggesting the young children are knowledgeable beyond there years. The editing in this sequence is distinctly old-fashioned long takes. This adds to the authenticity of the piece it stays true to the 60s game show style. The sequence is set in the Studio and uses a young Jimmy Gator shown previously as the host. I get the impression Donnie wants to be on the game show a lot more than Stanley as he shows a desire to regain his lost youth to go back to the time he knew his parents loved him. His success and fame have become a substitute. There is no very fast editing to show eagerness. Hes clever and he pausing increases the audiences anticipation. Hes very much playing for the crowd and at this point he wants to be famous and seemingly understands the business more than Stanley. The fact that the same room in different time periods is used shows the superficial relationship between them, that they are very similar at this point. The sequence uses superimposed graphics to show the exact year. Donnie serves as a comparison to what Stanley could become if hes successful in the game show and things continue on their course. Once this comparison is made the correlation between them is cemented, the camera shows an almost perfect graphic match into the future, Donnie wearing the same grin. Hes wearing a cheap brown suit with cheap national heath style glasses (suggesting that hes obviously not rich anymore). Hes in a dentist being readied for surgery; hes getting braces. Donnies seemingly happy but I think this is just a cover as his visit to the dentist is needless and shows he has a need for self-improvement. Donnie Rushes off clearly used to the attention given to him by the nurses and even the doctor. The bright lighting inside the room reflects Donnies projected mood. Donnie is happy because his teeth, which are fine, are going to be straighter. The doctor is interested in Donnies celebrity the doctor follows Donnie out from the surgery room trying to talk to him trying to make him stay longer, as if Donnies celebrity could rub off no him, but Donnie seems board, used to this kind of attention. This is a constant reminder to him of all hes lost. Hes not rich, clever or on television anymore. Donnie rushes off brushing them aside making excuses and rushes off to work. After he smashes up the seven-eleven in his car, we notice how the car is very small and weedy by American standards. The car is white and reflects his mood when hes in it because of the music he listens to while inside. As soon as he crashes, he and the car into the storefront, the car goes into shadow as Donnie seems to wake from his daydream. His car also shows, along with the suits, hes apparently not rich anymore. Hes also obviously well known local personality because a man comes running up and shouts Its quiz kid Donnie Smith! Donnie seems used to being recognized. The EX-Boy genus is confused even though hes just blatantly ran the car into the store he didnt do it deliberately and is taken aback by the fact hes forgotten to stop his car. He looks like he was daydreaming. Maybe hes recently fallen in love. Hes getting braces, he clearly doesnt need. This is to make himself look better. He thinks that this person would want him to change to be better even in this superficial way; Donnie feels that hes not good enough. Hes daydreaming about this person hes fallen in love with. The thing that makes me think this is the music its Dreams by Gabrielle. This combined with his actions shows hes thinking about his daydream coming true about his love and its reciprocation by this person. This short sequence in the film seems to be packed with different types of imagery relating to the characters which over time has given me a good understanding of the narrative, the relationships between the characters are clear contrasting elements like these two characters are readily apparent and within five minutes each character and there part of the narrative has been shown, making apparent the skill of the Writer/Director P. T Anderson.

My Educational Goals and Philosophy Statement :: Philosophy of Education Statement Teaching Essays

My Educational Goals and Philosophy I decided to choose teaching as my profession because I want to help the students who have distinct potential, but may be struggling in the classroom. By ignoring a student who is a slow learner, we may be losing the next genius of our generation. I have worked with children in several different aspects. In high school, I worked with the Strong Mountaineer Program. This program allowed me to go into an elementary class and work with the students who needed extra help. I tutored the students in their weakest area. In this program, I encountered a student in the second grade who could not read. The teacher gave me material to work with her and after several weeks of tutoring she could read as well as the other students in her class. The look of pride on this little girl’s face when she read aloud was priceless, as was the look on my face because I made the difference. I also worked for a day care program in which tutored children after school with their studies. These programs have influenced my decision in becoming a teacher. In addition, I am in the process of earning my undergraduate degree from Concord College. My area of emphasis is Elementary Education/ Multi- Subject/ K-6. The reason I chose this major is because of my love for children. Since every child learns differently, I will use all the major philosophical perspectives. This is why my teaching style is eclectic. I believe children today do not have the proper respect for teachers and parents. This is why I agree with William Bagley when he says children should be taught the traditional values of our culture. He also says the teacher should be the center of the class. Teachers are the ones who have the college degree and are trained to instruct students. Not all my students will be able to attend college, so they need to be familiar with the real world so they can communicate with other people and things. My Educational Goals and Philosophy Statement :: Philosophy of Education Statement Teaching Essays My Educational Goals and Philosophy I decided to choose teaching as my profession because I want to help the students who have distinct potential, but may be struggling in the classroom. By ignoring a student who is a slow learner, we may be losing the next genius of our generation. I have worked with children in several different aspects. In high school, I worked with the Strong Mountaineer Program. This program allowed me to go into an elementary class and work with the students who needed extra help. I tutored the students in their weakest area. In this program, I encountered a student in the second grade who could not read. The teacher gave me material to work with her and after several weeks of tutoring she could read as well as the other students in her class. The look of pride on this little girl’s face when she read aloud was priceless, as was the look on my face because I made the difference. I also worked for a day care program in which tutored children after school with their studies. These programs have influenced my decision in becoming a teacher. In addition, I am in the process of earning my undergraduate degree from Concord College. My area of emphasis is Elementary Education/ Multi- Subject/ K-6. The reason I chose this major is because of my love for children. Since every child learns differently, I will use all the major philosophical perspectives. This is why my teaching style is eclectic. I believe children today do not have the proper respect for teachers and parents. This is why I agree with William Bagley when he says children should be taught the traditional values of our culture. He also says the teacher should be the center of the class. Teachers are the ones who have the college degree and are trained to instruct students. Not all my students will be able to attend college, so they need to be familiar with the real world so they can communicate with other people and things.

Group Project Nike Paper Essay

Your specific assignment is to conduct research, analyze, and prepare a report for the CFO on the actual financial performance of the company that you choice for the years 2009, 2010, and 2011. In addition to reviewing the traditional financial performance indicators, you are also to review the companies past and current stock performance for the same periods. Your report is to consist of three parts: 1. an evaluation of the company’s financial performance for the periods 2009, 2010, and 2011 2. an evaluation of the company’s stock performance for the periods 2009, 2010, and 2011 3. finally, a specific recommendation, with supporting rationale, as to whether or not the company’s recent financial and stock performance are of sufficient financial strength to warrant entering into a long-term commitment with the company To assist you in your task, the CFO has provided the following general guidance. As it is recognized that the many companies are undergoing a major contraction, it is very important for you to compare the company’s financial and stock performance trends with those of the industry. You are to consider all necessary and relevant financial performance and stock information, trends, and projections in supporting your recommendation. Relevant factors include, but are not necessarily limited to, financial statement analyses, financial ratio trends and industry comparatives, capital spending, stock growth, Beta values, credit rating service valuations, bond rating valuations, and management and investment reports, when these documents are available. REPORT REQUIREMENTS Your final report is to be an executive-level financial report directed to the CFO. This report must be no longer than six (6) single-spaced typewritten pages. Include suitable comparative, quantitative, and qualitative analyses and conclude with a specific and supported recommendation based on the projected financial viability of the company for the next several years. Essential research data, financial calculations, and other documentation needed to support your recommendation should be referred to in summary form in your report and attached in detail as enclosures. All major sources should be referenced. There is no set limit to the size of the enclosures, but it is recommended that only essential enclosures be attached. You should use references and a bibliography to identify any remaining supporting documents you wish to include. Your report is to be submitted electronically and limited to a maximum of three, one for the executive report, one for attachments and one for power point presentation. Two files are acceptable, with attachments included as separate pages at the end of your report. Only Word, Plain Text, Rich Text, and Excel file formats are acceptable. This report is a group effort and must be researched, developed, and prepared by the entire group. However, to maximize the learning benefit, you are encouraged to share freely and exchange sources of information (Web sites), general approaches, alternatives, and information on general financial theory and applicability as related to the report with other teams. All questions related to this assignment should be referred to the mythical CFO (i.e., me).

My Favorite Music

Stankov 9/18/2012 ESL Writhing Prof. Tom Kane THIS IS MY MUSIC I have always been attracted to trance and house music, because when I was younger I was fascinated by its sound. It was like nothing I had heard before. It was not often played on the radio, and is still not. But whenever I heard it, I knew that was the music that I was born to listen. I feel that I can appreciate different music styles because each one has something new to offer. I always listen to music when I drive, walk to class, or go to the gym.I also listen music at home on the television sometimes. There is not a day that passes by when I do not listen to music. Therefore, I believe that music has an extremely great influence on my thoughts, moods, and behavior. Different types of music can drastically alter my thoughts, moods, and behavior. I am my music. More appropriately, my music represents my eccentric nature. My love for house music is endless. I suppose you can say I am a fan of strange music but for me I `m fan of good music.In my opinion good music is a song that has the capability to create strong feelings. The good music can stimulates excitement, ecstasy or nostalgia, it is one that triggers an emotion. As far back as I can remember I have always loved good music and my ipod has always been my most faithful companion. The eclectic nature of my kind of music has taught me to never judge people superficially but view them in depth. I cannot describe myself very good at this point because of my lack of knowledge in English but what I can tell you that, my passion is house music.You can ask yourself is house music a â€Å"good music† or not. But I cannot wait to meet your ipod and try to define you by your type of music whether you are the ‘romantic' or the ‘realist'. I would like to know if we like similar songs or have conflicting opinions on some and if you are not into music, I could maybe teach you to love and appreciate it and maybe we could stay up late som e night with some food trying to rate and enjoy good music.

Inca Empire Demise essays

Inca Empire Demise essays At its height, the Inca empire stretched from modern day Colombia to central Chile, and had about nine to ten million inhabitants, yet in 1532 Francisco Pizarro and a meager 62 horsemen and 102 foot soldiers conquered the empire. Pizarro was able to conquer the Incas not only because of his cunning and ruthlessness, but also because their kingdom was in disarray, therefore, I will discuss what I believe are the three main reasons why the empire fell, and none of them will have anything to do with Francisco Pizarro. My first explanation for the demise of the Incas is their rapid and recent expansion they had gone through only a few decades before Pizarro arrived. Circa 1438 AD Inca Yupanqui (Pachacutec) defeated the Chancas and expanded his empire out of the Cuzco valley. Around 1463 AD, while Inca Yupanqui was busy organizing his conquests and remaking Cuzco, the capital of his empire, his son, Topa Inca, was allowed to take control of the Inca army and continue the task of conquest. During that time, Topa Inca conquered the Northern Highlands of Peru, the Southern and Central Highlands of Ecuador, and then the Northern and Central Coastal areas of Peru. When Inca Yupanqui died around 1471 AD, and Topa Inca became Sapa Inca and took over the empire. During Sapa Incas rule, the empire virtually doubled in size, with the conquest of the lands of the Southern Coast of Peru, the northern half of Chile, Northwest Argentina, and Eastern Bolivia. This was done less than sixty years before Piz arro marched into Cajamarca (Davies 125-129). The successor to Sapa Inca was his son Huayna Capac in 1493 AD. When Topa Inca died ca. 1493 AD, he was succeeded by his son Huayna Capac. The empire had expanded rapidly to absorb millions of people spread over thousands of miles of land, and Huayna Capac had to concentrate much of his effort on quelling various rebellions in the north and defending the large border. Thus, when Huay...

The Life of Randall Kenan essays

The Life of Randall Kenan essays Randall Kenan was born in Brooklyn, New York in 1963. However, he spent most of his childhood in Chinquapin, North Carolina. He graduated from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill where he received a B.A. in English in 1985. From 1985 to 1989, he worked in the editorial staff of Alfred A. Knopf, publishers. He now teaches at the University of Memphis where he serves as a thesis director. Kenan is known for his work and his definition of black in America. Growing up in North Carolina with skin the color of coffee without cream made it hard for Kenan to succeed. On his road to success, he came across Gabriel Garcia Marquez, an author whose work influenced him to write. Marquez was an enormous influence on Kenans state of being and his way of looking at the world. Kenan said that black is a true ghost of the mind. He believed that within certain segments of the African-American community, there could be certain attitudes that somebody is blacker than another person is. He realizes that being black means something different to each person. He finds that the historical imprint of oppression is a common element, which some recognize and some block out. With this attitude and kind of influence, his passion for the world and writing expanded. Kenan is famous for writing A Visitation of Spirits, Let the Dead Bury Their Dead, and Walking on Water: Black American Lives at the Turn of the Twentieth Century. All of his work is based on the same philosophy. They deal with the political, economic, and social issues of being black. His first novel, A Visitation of Spirits was published in 1989. It vividly portrays four generations of a Southern black family in rural North Carolina. In this novel, Kenan speaks eloquently and with a great deal of courage about personal and communal strife within the black community. Three years after the publication of h ...

Noble Gases Properties

Noble Gases Properties The right column of the periodic table contains seven elements known as the inert or noble gases. Learn about the properties of the noble gas group of elements. Key Takeaways: Noble Gas Properties The noble gases are group 18 on the periodic table, which is the column of elements on the right side of the table.There are seven noble gas elements: helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, radon, and oganesson.Noble gases are the least reactive chemical elements. They are nearly inert because the atoms have a full valence electron shell, with little tendency to accept or donate electrons to form chemical bonds. Location and List  of the Noble Gases  on the Periodic Table The noble gases, also known as the inert gases or rare gases, are located in Group VIII or International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) group 18 of the periodic table. This is the column of elements along the far right side of the periodic table.  This group is a subset of the nonmetals.  Collectively, the elements are also called the helium group or the neon group. The noble gases are: Helium (He)Neon  (Ne)Argon (Ar)Krypton (Kr)Xenon (Xe)Radon (Rn)Oganesson (Og) With the exception of oganesson, all of these elements are gases at ordinary temperature and pressure. There havent been enough atoms produced of oganesson to know its phase for certain, but most scientists predict it will be a liquid or solid. Both radon and oganesson consist only of radioactive isotopes. Noble Gas Properties The noble gases are relatively nonreactive. In fact, they are the least reactive elements on the periodic table.  This is because they have a complete valence shell. They have little tendency to gain or lose electrons. In 1898, Hugo Erdmann coined the phrase noble gas to reflect the low reactivity of these elements, in much the same way as the noble metals are less reactive than other metals.  The noble gases have high ionization energies and negligible electronegativities. The noble gases have low boiling points and are all gases at room temperature. Summary of Common Properties Fairly nonreactiveComplete outer electron or valence shell (oxidation number 0)High ionization energiesVery low electronegativitiesLow boiling points (all monatomic  gases at room temperature)No color, odor, or flavor under ordinary conditions (but may form colored liquids and solids)NonflammableAt low pressure, they will conduct electricity and fluoresce Uses of the Noble Gases The noble gases are used to form inert atmospheres, typically for arc welding, to protect specimens, and to deter chemical reactions. The elements are used in lamps, such as neon lights and krypton headlamps, and in lasers. Helium is used in balloons, for deep-sea diving air tanks,  and to cool superconducting magnets. Misconceptions About the Noble Gases Although the noble gases have been called the rare gases, they arent particularly uncommon on Earth or in the universe. In fact, argon is the 3rd or 4th most abundant gas in the atmosphere  (1.3 percent by mass or 0.94 percent by volume), while neon, krypton, helium, and xenon are notable trace elements.​ For a long time, many people believed the noble gases to be completely nonreactive and unable to form chemical compounds. Although these elements dont form compounds readily, examples of molecules containing xenon, krypton, and radon have been found. At high pressure, even helium, neon, and argon participate in chemical reactions. Sources of the Noble Gases Neon, argon, krypton, and xenon all are found in air and are obtained by liquefying it and performing fractional distillation. The major source of helium is from the  cryogenic separation of natural gas. Radon, a radioactive noble gas, is produced from the  radioactive decay of heavier elements, including radium, thorium, and uranium. Element 118 is a man-made radioactive element, produced by striking a target with accelerated particles. In the future, extraterrestrial sources of noble gases may be found. Helium, in particular, is more abundant on larger planets than it is on Earth. Sources Greenwood, N. N.; Earnshaw, A. (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Oxford:Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-7506-3365-4.Lehmann, J (2002). The Chemistry of Krypton. Coordination Chemistry Reviews. 233–234: 1–39. doi:10.1016/S0010-8545(02)00202-3Ozima, Minoru; Podosek, Frank A. (2002). Noble Gas Geochemistry. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-80366-7.Partington, J. R. (1957). Discovery of Radon. Nature. 179 (4566): 912. doi:10.1038/179912a0Renouf, Edward (1901). Noble gases. Science. 13 (320): 268–270.

Creative exercise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Creative exercise - Essay Example river’s behavior, he might have had his reasons to behave the way he did as a way of carefully responding to such a situation but then again if it made you feel uncomfortable please accept our apologies. We will talk to him to know exactly why he behaved so and hope that it won’t happen again. Thank you for contacting us. 3. Surge pricing occurs when there are extreme demands that are generated by special events, holidays or peak times. During such times, we are subjected to multiple fares so as to maximize the number of Uber cars on the system just to make sure our customers get a car when they need one. Please note that you were not charged unfairly but on such occasions our customers should expect their fares to be subjected to a surge multiplier. Sorry for any of any cause inconvenience to you, but we hope that u have understood. Thank you. Reason for the order response is that we have to respond first with the frustrated customer and calm him down. Then to our customer whose flight is at 6 A.M to ensure that he does not miss his flight if at all he finds it convenient to use our service. Then the physical damage just to ensure that the driver’s personal insurance policy will be able to cover him. If it does not, we at Uber have a policy that covers such drivers up to $ 50,000 and with a $ 1,000 deductible. Then I respond to the customer who wants a refund as he/she doesnt seem angry all he wants is a refund which will not take long to do. And lastly option b since we are certain that the customer will get his jacket back provided he is certain that he left it in one of our cars 1.Kindly confirm your email address on file if it is correct by logging into uber.com then click the ‘settings’ link at the top of the page. This should help, or you could also check your spam folder. Thank you. 1. We do not allow that due to security purpose and privacy options. If your friends wish to drive your car on the Uber system, then they have to be on your

The feasibility of producing frozen foods for export in Thailand Case Study

The feasibility of producing frozen foods for export in Thailand - Case Study Example Additionally, a similar analysis will be conducted for the four foreign countries. If economic conditions in these countries are feasible for foreign export, then the project is also feasible. Lastly, this research aims at proposing the best international business management tactics in those respective countries. Thailand is a country located in the Eastern part of the Asian Continent. The country has a lot of potential in its food industry because agriculture is one of the mainstays of the Thailand economy. Currently, the industry is dominated by the sale of fresh foods both within the country and also as exports. Very little has been done in the development of the ready- to - eat/ frozen foods section of the industry yet that country has more than enough resources and raw materials to start development in this line of business. Besides, there is a ready market in the country and outside for the products. Some of the countries that could be potential markets for frozen food from Thailand include the US, UK, China and Japan.1 The research topic deals with the introduction of frozen foods from Thailand into foreign markets. ... Therefore, there is a need for one to examine the feasibility of such a venture. This is because before one penetrates into a certain market there are a number of factors that need to be examined to ensure that the venture will be a success. Economic policies within the country of origin must be examined to certify that they favour the exportation of certain commodities. This ought to be examined against the backdrop of that country's economy. A researcher should examine how the Thailand economy is and what level of industrial growth has the country achieved. On top of that, one should ascertain that the country will be able to produce quality frozen foods and that it will be able to sustain that level of production. Some of the factors that could act as a deterrent to the success of exported products include; low purchasing power high wage costs poor climatic conditions availability of raw materials availability of product alternatives2 Therefore, the research should ascertain that these factors are not present in Thailand before it can give a go ahead to the production of frozen foods in the area. There is also need for research in this area because one needs to asses whether there is a ready market for the goods that will be produced by Thailand. In the process of examining this, one should look at consumer behaviour in target countries like the US and China and find out whether there will be a positive attitude towards goods from Thailand. In addition, the export potential of the product should also be assessed. Export market potential is the ability of a product to sell in foreign countries. This is normally assessed by analysing performance in the country of origin. Beside these,

Training and Career Development Strategies help to solve IT Thesis

Training and Career Development Strategies help to solve IT Professional Retention in Vietnam - Thesis Example on then on how to help the IT professionals actually realize their role in making a better Vietnam through embracing the international practices of being an IT worker. Since it is understood that the birth of IT in the country still remains to be young, it may not be that easy to help the people within the country realize that they are indeed doing an important job for their country. (Belinda, 32) Some may even loose interest once faced with too much pressure at work thus simply decide to change their career concentrations to less stressing ones compared to that of the IT operations that they are involved with at present. Hence, in this section of the study, understanding how to effectively motivate the said professionals of Vietnam through an effective management approach and efficient training procedures shall be well discussed. Because employees need to learn how to work with new equipment-such as word processors, computers or possible, robots, companies are finding that they must offer proper planning programs that are often sophisticated enough to support the skills enhancement needs of the employees. Training and development include all attempts to improve productivity and competencies of the employees. Training focuses on short-term skills, whereas development focuses on long-term abilities.(Neelankavil, 1992, 33) It should be noted though that both training and development programs include three steps: (a) assessing the needs of the organization and the skills of the employees to determine training needs, (b) designing training activities to meet the identified needs and (c) evaluating the effectiveness of the training. Some common training and development activities are employee orientation, on-the-job training, job simulation and management training. (Hubert, 2006, 437) (a) Employee training is the activity that initiates new employees to the organization; to fellow employees; to their immediate supervisors and to the policies, practices, and objective

Summary of an appeal case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Summary of an appeal case - Essay Example Second, the judge misguided the jury on the issue of consent as it implicated on the present case. Mr. Roberts developed a solution linking the judge’s decision with the fact that he deprived the appellant the Jury’s consideration whether he had a guilty mind or not. However, the sentence on each case was neither excessive nor wrong in principle. While reviewing the case, a number of particulars stand-out based on the case. The case is an aggregation of a number of cases. Although, the facts differ in the three cases, the common details in all the cases include information such as the defendant had an agreed sexual relationship with each woman. Second, all three ladies voluntarily had unprotected sex with the defendant. Third, the appellant did not inform any woman about his HIV status. Finally, all three complainants assumed that the defendant was HIV negative; therefore, exposing themselves to the risk of obtaining a sexually transmitted infection as grievous as HIV virus. Based on the courts judgement, the judge’s guidance to the jury adequately explained the correct implications to the case of the consensual contribution by each complainant’s to sexual intercourse with the appellant. The jury eventually gave the ruling that, in the case of each plaintiff, she did not willingly or cognitively agree to the risk of suffering the HIV virus. Therefore, the court will dismiss the appeal against conviction. The court reviewed its holding in the R v Dica case of informed consent as a defence resulted from limited potential conflicting public policy considerations. In the light of the public interest, the population demands the prevention of the spread of catastrophic illnesses. On the other hand, it also needs that personal freedom in the context of adult non-violent sexual associations need maintenance. By concealing any information about one’s HIV status, the subject denies the

First Crusade Military Perspectives Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

First Crusade Military Perspectives - Essay Example 72). At the beginning of 1113 A.C., Baldwin, the King of Jerusalem, raided into the seigniory of Damascus. Unable to oppose him single-handed, Toghtakin, the Lord of Damascus, invoked the assistance of Moudud of Mosul (Irwin 1998, p. 75). In July 1113 the combined forces of the Lords of Mosul, Damascus, Sinjar2, and Maridin marched into Palestine. In a battle near Tiberias, the Franks were routed with terrible loss, and a large number of them were drowned in the lake and in the Jordan. In June 11193 they were again defended at a place called al-Balat by Ilgazi, the Lord of Maridin. Even the Egyptians won some successes on the sea coast (p. 77). But the Crusaders had the whole of Europe at their back; the reinforcements which poured in for them from all parts of Christendom, the assasincation of Moudud, who was stabbed by a Batinia after the battle of Tiberias, and the division of the chiefs, all helped them to recover their grounds (p. 78). Sultan Muhammad died in 511 A.H., and this death was not without effect on the fortunes of the Muslims and Christians. He was succeeded in the over-lordship by his brother Sanjar, the last hero of a heroic race, and in the succession of his private dominions of his son Mahmud. In 516 A.H. Zangi obtained from Sultan Mahmud the city of Wasit as an appanage, and the post of Commissary4 at Basra. Four year later the government of Mosul and Upper Mesopotamia was conferred on him, with the title of Atabek ("Prince Tutor"5), and he was confirmed in this dignity by the letters patent of the Caliph (p. 80). In 1128 A.C., on the invitation of the people of Aleppo, who had suffered terribly from the depredations of the Crusaders6, he took possession of their city. Hamah followed the example of Aleppo (p. 81). The following year Zangi routed the Crusaders under the walls of al-Asarib, and captured the castle after a stout resistance. A short truce between Joscelin, the Count of Edessa, "the greatest demon of them all"7, enabled Zangi to take part in the inevitable civil was which broke out on the death of Sultan Mahmud (p. 85). Atabek Zangi did not long concern himself with the troubles in the East. His great work lay in Syria. The Crusaders were again in ferment; they had received large reinforcements from Europe, and had been joined by a Greek contingent under the personal command of the Emperor John Comnenus. They captured Buzaa, put the sword all the male inhabitants, and carried into captivity the women and children. They they marched upon Shaizar (Casarea), a day's journey from Hamah. The castle of Shaizar, the birthplace of Usamah8, was almost impregnable (Philip 2000). Usamah's works offer a mesmerizing counterpoint to Christian stories of their own conduct and the responses of their opponents. Actually, Usamah's amity with a number of the Franks set him aside to recover from revengeful insult, and his expressions on the inquisitive thoughts and behavior of the Franks remain a precious resource. Mystifying are the workings of the Maker, the Creator of everything! When one comes to relate cases about the Franks, he cannot but praised God

Creating Waves of Awareness through Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Creating Waves of Awareness through Media - Essay Example In the period around world war, II Adolf Hitler controlled the media (History Learning Site). He used media to propagate his propaganda and thus deny the general public access to timely and accurate information. This was the main reason his regime dominated the society. After this period the media was controlled by the state. During this period there was freedom of speech and protection of public interest. In the late 1980’s media was privatized thus encouraging market contestability. There was state deregulation and the media was left for the affluent individuals who expanded their media empires globally by purchasing more media outlets. This is why our media outlets are now in the hands of few individuals. In modern day world, the media serves as the main source of our information. It is the link between human beings and societies. It is a great place to share your views and get other people’s views and even information. Virtually anything that you need is available can be accessed from the media. As a human, the right to speech and information can never be overemphasized. The average American does not expect the media to leave out any form of information and more so the internet. The major media monopolies seek to exploit this ignorance by trying to control most of the media outlets thus giving them the power to censor content from these media outlets. This will be a drawback to our democracy. Therefore any attempt to censor the content of the media by the cartels is opposed because media affects both general life and political decisions hence they should enable and protect free speech (free press, 2012). The media primary responsibility is to inform the public so as to enable them to make informed decisions (Bruck, 2014). The new media monopoly policies is a threat to this as it involves censoring the content displayed to the public.  

First Crusade Military Perspectives Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

First Crusade Military Perspectives - Essay Example 72). At the beginning of 1113 A.C., Baldwin, the King of Jerusalem, raided into the seigniory of Damascus. Unable to oppose him single-handed, Toghtakin, the Lord of Damascus, invoked the assistance of Moudud of Mosul (Irwin 1998, p. 75). In July 1113 the combined forces of the Lords of Mosul, Damascus, Sinjar2, and Maridin marched into Palestine. In a battle near Tiberias, the Franks were routed with terrible loss, and a large number of them were drowned in the lake and in the Jordan. In June 11193 they were again defended at a place called al-Balat by Ilgazi, the Lord of Maridin. Even the Egyptians won some successes on the sea coast (p. 77). But the Crusaders had the whole of Europe at their back; the reinforcements which poured in for them from all parts of Christendom, the assasincation of Moudud, who was stabbed by a Batinia after the battle of Tiberias, and the division of the chiefs, all helped them to recover their grounds (p. 78). Sultan Muhammad died in 511 A.H., and this death was not without effect on the fortunes of the Muslims and Christians. He was succeeded in the over-lordship by his brother Sanjar, the last hero of a heroic race, and in the succession of his private dominions of his son Mahmud. In 516 A.H. Zangi obtained from Sultan Mahmud the city of Wasit as an appanage, and the post of Commissary4 at Basra. Four year later the government of Mosul and Upper Mesopotamia was conferred on him, with the title of Atabek ("Prince Tutor"5), and he was confirmed in this dignity by the letters patent of the Caliph (p. 80). In 1128 A.C., on the invitation of the people of Aleppo, who had suffered terribly from the depredations of the Crusaders6, he took possession of their city. Hamah followed the example of Aleppo (p. 81). The following year Zangi routed the Crusaders under the walls of al-Asarib, and captured the castle after a stout resistance. A short truce between Joscelin, the Count of Edessa, "the greatest demon of them all"7, enabled Zangi to take part in the inevitable civil was which broke out on the death of Sultan Mahmud (p. 85). Atabek Zangi did not long concern himself with the troubles in the East. His great work lay in Syria. The Crusaders were again in ferment; they had received large reinforcements from Europe, and had been joined by a Greek contingent under the personal command of the Emperor John Comnenus. They captured Buzaa, put the sword all the male inhabitants, and carried into captivity the women and children. They they marched upon Shaizar (Casarea), a day's journey from Hamah. The castle of Shaizar, the birthplace of Usamah8, was almost impregnable (Philip 2000). Usamah's works offer a mesmerizing counterpoint to Christian stories of their own conduct and the responses of their opponents. Actually, Usamah's amity with a number of the Franks set him aside to recover from revengeful insult, and his expressions on the inquisitive thoughts and behavior of the Franks remain a precious resource. Mystifying are the workings of the Maker, the Creator of everything! When one comes to relate cases about the Franks, he cannot but praised God

Corporate failure prediction methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Corporate failure prediction methods - Essay Example Fair value accounting refers to a financial reporting method under the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) the method allows companies to measure as well as report the value of assets and liabilities on the basis of their actual or estimated fair market prices. Some of the advantages of fair value accounting include the fact that it provides a more accurate valuation of assets and liabilities. Therefore, it accurately relates the value of assets and the market price. The method also limits a company’s ability to manipulate its reported net income hence leading to the portrayal of true income. It is timely in nature owing to the fact that it reports gains or losses on assets in the period that they occur. One of its disadvantages is that it may adversely affect the market conditions in a negative way. The lower value of an asset after revaluation may lead to a fall in the prices of all related assets thus affecting the market negatively. The method may also result i n a number of challenges to firms as well as to the users of the reported financial information. The market conditions in which a given asset and liability is traded may fluctuate in many occasions and become more volatile in some situations (Cooper, 2007, 17-18). On the other hand, historical cost accounting is a technique that values assets and liabilities at the price paid during its acquisition. Revenues, assets, and expenditures are recorded based on their time of acquisition. Revenues are recorded based on their time of acquisition.

The queer Experience in Popular Culture Essay Example for Free

The queer Experience in Popular Culture Essay According to Gordon Lynch (2005), arriving at a concrete and solid definition of popular culture is filled with a certain degree of complexities or difficulties (p. 1). This particular concept has been often a topic of various heated debates and arguments in many academic discourses and scholarly analyses. Whenever popular culture becomes the center of attraction, the mere definition of the term seems to instigate tons of both criticisms and skepticisms alike. Lynch (2005) explained that this seemingly antagonistic issues of popular culture stems from the fact that different fields of expertise have their own interpretations and understanding of the matter (p. 1). This situation implies two things. First, either popular culture is too broad—broad in the sense that it covers a wide array of issues and topics that creating a more specific definition seems to be way too impossible. On the other hand, it can be also argued that popular culture, is indeed an abstract idea that is capable of touching every field or domain , thus a concrete definition is prone to being misinterpreted as something that denotes exclusivity and power struggle. But then again, if one has to take a closer look, the problems that popular culture experience can be attributed to the fact that popular and culture imply two major complex ideas and concepts. Once and for all, culture is widespread. It embodies different facets of life and various ideological beliefs and opinions. In the meantime, identifying the objects or personalities or establishing criteria for an object or an individual to be categorized as popular is also beset with difficulties. Once and for all, there are instances wherein popularity is achieved simply because it is embedded in one’s culture. However, this situation cannot be really understood within the context of popular culture. There are also instances wherein a certain object, symbol, or value has nothing to do with culture yet popular. This situation cannot be also seen as a manifestation of popular culture. Indeed the seemingly encompassing and abstract nature of popular culture makes it hard for one to understand the whole matter in just one sitting. But this does not necessarily mean that the matter should be immediately dismissed as something that is of less importance. Although popular culture is responsible for the continuous clash of ideas and beliefs, it cannot be denied that such is too influential that eliminating it within academic discourses can be seen as a total disrespect for the matter. Popular culture tends to affect the manners and behaviors of many individuals. In recent years, it is apparent that popular culture did not only influence the lives of many—to a certain extent, it seems that popular culture has also dictated the ways wherein mankind expresses its existence and social contribution. Browne and Fishwick (1988) described that popular culture is considered as the so-called â€Å"lifeblood of one’s existence and way of life (p. 1). † This one leads to the conclusion that popular culture pertains to the socially-relevant practices and values that man acquired, practiced and readily shared. As Browne and Fishwick (1988) explained, popular culture is mainly comprised of the daily practices and routines that an individual goes through (p. 1). In addition to that, popular culture also echoes, even the nitty-gritty sentiments of an individual (Browne Fishwick 1988, p. 1). Given this situation at hand, if popular culture tends to act as the voice of each and every community, then it would not come as a surprise if issues regarding sexuality and preferences are also articulated by popular culture. Sexuality and sexual preferences is a way of life. It is also the lifeblood of one’s existence and to top it all, it is something that should be readily expressed and manifested. One cannot also deny that both sexuality and sexual preferences are also influential. However, due to certain norms and conventions that society has established, there are certain aspects of sexuality and sexual preferences that are still considered as taboo or not worthy to be discussed, moreso, to be expressed in public. This scenario is most especially true as for the case of queers who have to hide their true identities in utmost secrecy to avoid the scrutiny of a judgmental public. This dilemma is very much manifested in traditional and conservative communities or social settings. This is where popular culture comes into place. Through popular culture, the conservatism and judgment that is rendered towards queers is slowly transformed into ultimate tolerance. Take note that the term â€Å"tolerance† instead of absolute â€Å"acceptance† is used in this case. Tolerance and acceptance are different from each other. Yet, there are many instances wherein the two are interchangeably understood and interpreted by many. This discussion will provide insights on how popular culture is able to permeate the tolerance of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender expression. To enrich this study, the focus will revolve around Asian communities wherein popular culture is instrumental in the tolerance, rather than acceptance of various queer expressions. Chinese Cinema and Popular Culture Sigley and Jeffreys (1999) elucidated that topics regarding sexuality in China is still viewed differently (p. 51). To many, sex cannot be considered as something sacred. Tackling these matters tend to go beyond the borders of ethics and morality (Sigley Jeffreys 1999, p. 1). Moreover, mass media, which often perceived as the institution responsible for the educating the public and knowledge dissemination, is often blinded by the unconscious fear to discuss this matter (Sigleys Jeffreys 1999, p. 52). Based from this, it seems that China tends to shy away from discussing sexually-related issues and topics primarily because its cultural orientation requires a private manner of addressing these concerns. If sex, in its simplest context tends to raise eyebrows for many critics, then it would not come as a surprise if queer topics are most likely to be seen on the peripheral side. If sex between heterosexuals cannot be openly discussed by China’s mass media, then more prohibitions is expected to emanate as for the case of many queers. However, although China’s mass media has remained quiet and reserved regarding this matter, there is already the attempt to touch these issues and eventually present it into the public’s eyes. Although this may not be thoroughly expressed and given full attention in news organizations or programs, other forms of mass media, such as film for example, played an important role in presenting and proliferating queer themes. This has led Yang (1999) to the contention that China is yet, one of the prominent hodge-podges wherein explorations of the queer life and concept of reality can be accomplished (p. 338). Yang (1999) shared that films such as those of Wong Kar Wai’s Happy Together and Stanly Kwan’s Yang and Yin: Gender in the Chinese Cinema, have been consistent attempts to showcase the homosexual experience and lifestyle (p. 338). Slowly, but surely, these films have the capacity to destroy the cultural barriers and conventions that are often attributed to many queers. It has been often said that films present a specific portion of reality, which are often ignored and taken for granted by many viewers or audiences. Films are usually described as symbols or reflection of reality. The existence of queers and their corresponding lifestyles are the ones that are often taken to the side and are voluntarily taken out of the picture. These realities are then depicted into the movies that are focusing on these particular issues. On the other hand, it cannot be also denied that films are often considered as part of popular culture. Thus, through these aspect, what was once perceived or viewed as taboo or even explicit for that matter now have the chance of being expressed. However, although films greatly contributes into the gradual acceptance of queer culture in China, Berry (2000) explained that the societal conventions are still pretty much apparent as queers, to be more specific, gays are often depicted and portrayed as individuals who are often subject to sadness due to the lack of a loyal and faithful partner vis a vis companion (p. 187). Solitary moments in Chinese cinemas are also coupled with the enduring process of waiting for the â€Å"right one† to eventually come (Berry 2000, p. 187). Although this stance seem to imply a certain degree of queer stereotyping in Chinese cinema, the solitary experiences, the search for loyalty and companionship as well as the longing for the perfect partner, are indeed a portion of realities that are existent in many queers—not only to gays per se, but also to lesbians, bisexuals and transgenders. Thus, presenting these into movies, somehow, the conservatism that is within conservative communities, are challenged and put into a serious test. Manga and Japanese homosexuality Whenever one mentions the terms manga and anime, it all boils down to one country, Japan. Aside from Japan’s highly technological skills and capabilities, mangas also brings an intense degree of popularity in the nation. Almost every Japanese is aware of these materials. But then again, one should always bear in mind that mangas has literally taken the world by storm. Mangas’ acceptance cannot be solely attributed to their abilities to provide pleasure and entertainment. More than anything else, these have been the heralds of the Japanese experience. The recognition and acceptance that mangas received, made Dooley and Heller to (2005) a conclusion that such are perpetuators of popular cultures in Japan (146). But as the years passed by, mangas is no longer constricted or imposed to place heavy emphasis on romantic and adventure themes. As time goes by, mangas has also dabbled into the arena of discussing queer issues. McLelland (2005) implied that the growth of queer communities in Japan was triggered by certain channels of communication, print media, to be more specific (p. 0). McLelland (2005) stressed that during the times wherein internet connections were still not widely used by the public, it was print media that eventually provided a platform for â€Å"queer social networking (p. 10). From it here it can be seen that the incorporation of queer themes and issues in mangas are not purely coincidental. It is rather expected. Perhaps, the only thing that is coincidental in this aspect is that manga happens to be a symbolic manifestation of Japan’s popular culture. Since queer related topics are easily incorporated to managas, one can lead into the assumption that homosexuality is readily accepted in Japan. Once and for all, mangas are cultural products that are patronized and appreciated not only by Japanese, but also by individuals from the other side of the world. However, bringing it, within the Japanese context, if mangas can be easily distributed and at the same time, if such is a manifestation of Japanese culture, then mangas generally provide a platform wherein queers can express their beliefs and sentiments. As a matter of fact, it can be argued that the easy articulation of queer themes in mangas tend to purport that queers are warmly accepted in this country. The truth of the matter is, many queers have decided to create their own mangas and eventually share their experiences through this medium and eventually disseminate and share it to the public (Berry, Martin Hue 2003, p. 70). Accepted or Tolerated? While popular culture has managed to present the queer experience via films and print media, one cannot really see it as a form of acceptance. As mentioned earlier, popular culture as an instrument for queers to voice out their views and opinions has not managed to produce total queer acceptance within the community. Take for example in China, one thing that contributes to the failure of popular culture to achieve queer acceptance stems from the fact that (homosexuality) is seen as an influence of the West (Chua 1993, p. 38). Therefore, it can be seen that there is already a socially-constructed denial of the queer’s existence. Even though, there are little facts to support the contentions that homosexuality is a western influence, still this cultural belief is still engraved into the minds of many. Popular culture then finds it too difficult to go against such a strong and seemingly invincible system of belief. In the meantime, Chinese cinema’s portrayals and depictions of queers as individuals longing for the ideal relationship and partner that will last for the rest of time comes really short in presenting the authentic and genuine queer experience (Berry 2000, p. 87). What happens is that queer stereotypes are instead made and from time to time, the directors or producers of such movies are having a hard time in going against the country’s cultural convictions. Once and for all, there is a question of why several Chinese films often focus on the lonely side of the queer experience. This further places queer communities in a much derogatory stance. There is still the attempt to reconcile with the overall perspectives regarding queers. If there is already acceptance, then Chinese cinema should strive to stay-away from presenting how queers are prone to loosing their perfect partners and wait for another one. Although, this is something common in homosexual relationships, this area alone is just a portion of the colorful yet highly challenging queer life. In the meantime, as for the case of mangas, queers and popular culture in Japan, Grossman (2000) shared that while there are instances wherein mangas may present sexually related content, it is still permissible—not because it is already accepted (p. 41). Rather it is more on the fact that queer themes and even explicit content are highly tolerated since it simply inhibits â€Å"fantasies (Grossman 2000, p. 141). † Inhibiting fantasies are tolerated by the actual act is still not permissible (Grossman 2000, p. 141). Grossman (2000) further discussed that the market potential of mangas is seen from a positive light and it is tolerated with the intention to lessen the curiosity of the public and therefore lessen the occurrence of queer-related incidents and sex crimes (p. 141). Conclusion Popular culture is indeed influential and somehow it was able to give a voice to many queers. However, due to strong cultural orientations which often contradicts the queer existence, the matter is simply tolerated and still on the process of being readily accepted. Popular culture, in its articulation of queer themes and experiences is still at its infancy and insinuating to totally accept these matters still have a long way to go. As of the moment, the only thing that popular culture can offer to queers is tolerance. Acceptance can be only determined by time.

Social Support for Subjective well-being of Prisoners

Social Support for Subjective well-being of Prisoners THE DIFFERENT ROLES OF SOCIAL SUPPORT FOR SUBJECTIVE WELL BEING PRISONERS MEN AND WOMEN IN THE CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS CLAS II.A YOGYAKARTA Abstract In order to find a pattern form of guidance for prisoners, men and women, as mandated by Republic Act 1995, Article 14, paragraph 1 12 on the rights of prisoners, and also in accordance with the principles of the UN General Assembly Resolution 43/173 on dated December 9, 1988, for the protection of all persons, including those in the Correctional Institution, then the coaching program at the Correctional Institution in men and women inmates to be distinguished. It is important to know how much the role of social support on the level of Subjective Well Being (SWB) men and women inmates. Subjects of this study amounted to 93 inmates from the Correctional Institution Class II.A Yogyakarta, which consisted of 70 men and 23 women. Measuring tool used to uncover SWB, that uses Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) of Dieneret al. (1985), and Social Support Scale were aspects of it refers to the opinion of Safiro (2000). The method of data analysis, this research using t-test analysis techniq ues and product moment correlation. From the results of research can be concluded that: (1) the role of social support on SWB level of 8.82% to the overall male and female subjects, 12.96% in male subjects, and by 2.1% in female subjects; (2) On the whole subject of men and women, there are three factors that affect the level of social support SWB significantly, ie emotional support, Informational Support and Support Social Network; (3) There is no difference in the level of social support and SWB in male and female subjects. Keywords: Subjective Well Being (SWB), Social Support, Men and Women Inmates Introduction The law No. 12 1995 Article 1, paragraph 2, about the rights of prisoners, and the principles of the UN General Assembly Resolution 43/173 on December 9, 1988, mandated to protect all people, including those in Correctional Institution, and required their efforts to improve the quality of life of the inmates in the correctional system, so that when they are back to mingle with the public, they will be able to show the characteristics of individuals who have high quality of life. According to Cummings (1997), individuals who have a high quality of life will feel their subjective well- being (Subjective Well-being is abbreviated as SWB). SWB is ones judgment about his life, that he is more satisfied and happier, although he still has a bit of unhappiness, so that this condition is indicated by higher feeling of happiness compared to the feeling of unhappiness, and expressed by the satisfaction of his life (Diener in Philips, 2008). As an effort to achieve criminal implementation that i s effective and efficient so the inmates can have high quality of life, The Penitentiary can divide its development by category, based on age or sex (Harsono 1995). It is also in accordance with the set in Constitution no12 in 1995 about Correctional article(12) paragraph (1), that in order to provide guidance to inmates in prisons, classification is conducted based on age, sex, length of punishment, type of crime, and another criteria which suits the needs and development. Although women is realized to have psychological needs which are different than men, prisons class IIA in Yogyakarta do not specialize them as prisons for certain sex, so men and women are all in the prison environment, although they are put in a separate place. Because of the special needs of women and men are different, it is necessary to know whether there are SWB differences between the two sexes, as the basis for the design of male and female inmates development program. From research of Sahrah et al., (2011, 2013) to the inmates in prisons of class IIA Yogyakarta, stated that the factors of religiosity, self-confidence, the meaningfulness of life, emotional maturity, social support, perception of the physical condition of the environment, and the coping strategies are the factors that affect SWB inmates. It is also concluded that among the seven factors, meaningfulness of life, self-esteem, and social support are the factors that are very significant to inmatesSWB. Factors of meaningfulness of life and self-confidence are individual factors, while social support factors are contextual factors that mostly can be manipulated structurally by the prisons as the institution responsible for training during the serving time. Hence, it is needed to know how big the role of social support on the level of subjective well-being of the men and women prisoners. Subjective Well Being Men and Women Prisoners Inmates are convicts serving the criminal who lost independence in Prisons (Law No: 12 Th. 1995 ps.1 paragraph 7). Convicted person is a person convicted by a court decision that has permanent legal power (Indonesian Lawyear. 1995 Ps 1, paragraph 6). According to Rahardjo (1996) to treat inmates, necessary foundation of the correctional system that guarantees the rights of prisoners is certainly needed. To view the success or failure of the development patterns conducted by the officers (walinapi) to inmates, it can be seen whether the officers actually pay attention to the rights of prisoners or not, though, in this case prisoners should also be aware of the obligations that must be fulfilled. Associated with SWB, various studies that have been done by UMBY (University of MercuBuana Yogyakarta) show that there are problems related to subjective well-being of prisoners. This is reinforced by the results of research Indiyah (2001) that there are seven unfulfilled needs in inmates, they are, the need to get a sense of security, the need of conform, the need to deepen the religion, the need to make life more meaningful, needs to boost confidence, the need to obtain additional knowledge, and need to be received by the community and the family after the completion of the criminal. Research conducted by Iswandari and Indiyah (2007) showed that inmates have problems with social adjustment. Further research and Lailatushifah Lestari (2008) also found that inmates susceptible to depression. From the research findings, it shows an indication towards a low Subjective Welfare on inmates. Subjective well-being is an individual evaluation of a situation or a longer period of his life, including his past. The evaluation covers the emotional reaction to a situation, mood and assessment of the inmates life, fulfillment, and satisfaction with marriage and work (Diener, et al., 2003). Moreover, Philips (2008) states that SWB is more complex than just happiness. Factors that influence SWB are the factor of religiosity, confidence, emotional maturity, the meaningfulness of life, social support, physical environment (Kin Nesselroade, 2003), coping strategies (Philips 2008), destination image (Sahrah, 2014b), the strategy of collaborative conflict resolution (Sahrah, 2014a). The social support factor is a factor that is proven to be directly related and positively related and significantly associated with SWB in addition to the meaningfulness of life (Sahrah, et al., 2011, 2013). In this study, it is realized that there are possible differences of the inmate needs of men and women, therefore, this study is focused on the SWB of the inmates in terms of gender and their perceptions of social support given by the walinapi as prisons officer who is responsible to provide guidance to inmates. Social Support of theWalinapi Johnson Johnson (2000) suggest that social support is the exchange of resources with a view to improve the welfare and exisence of others who can be asked for help, encouragement, acceptance, and attention, and when experiencing difficulties. Social support can be defined as a sense of acceptance, care, appreciation or assistance received by a person from another person or group (Sarafino, 2004). Cohen and Mc Kay; Wills (1984) distinguishes five types of social support, namely: (1) Emotional Support. In this aspect, it includes the expression of empathy, concern, and attention to the person concerned. This support requires the provision of a sense of comfort, peace of heart, and feeling loved for someone who has it. (2) Support of award. This aspect is going through a positive appreciation for the individuals concerned, encouragement or approval with ideas or feelings of the individual and the individual positive comparison with others. (3) Instrumentalsupport. These aspects include direct assistance to the form of services, time, and money. (4) Support for information. This aspect includes giving advice, instructions, advice, information, and feedback. (5) Support for social networks. These aspects include the feeling of membership in a group. Social networking support is a sense of membership in a group, sharing the fun and social activities. Research Methods The independent variables are the Social Support and sex while the dependent variable is Subjective Well Being (SWB). The subjects of this study are 93 prisoners, consisting of 70 men and 23 women. The Selection of the research subject is done by using purposive random sampling method. The characteristics of the study subjects are: (1) Convict Prison Class IIA Yogyakarta; (2) Minimum term punishment of three years; (3) Minimum education of elementary school, and can read and write well. The methods of data collection is using a scale, which includes the Scale to reveal SWB Prisoners and Social Support Scale. The scale to reveal SWB of the inmates using SWLS scale of life satisfaction from Diener et al. (1985), based on the scale of the life satisfaction measured by the cognitive component of life satisfaction, and the scale is expected to produce a statement that is integrated on how a persons life runs. The rials can shows that the validity of the total valid item (with a range between a coefficient of 0494-0688) is reliable (coefficient Alpha Conbrach of 0819). The Social Support Scale consists of 50 items. After the trial, it shows that the total item os the coefficient which is corrected is ranged between 0.275 to 0.713 and Cronbach alpha reliability coefficient of 0,959. The method of data analysis used in this research is the analysis of independent samples t-test, and the product moment correlation. Table : Model Summary Mode l R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate 1 ,340a ,116 ,096 5,75628 a. Predictors: (Constant), SS_TOT, SEX Results and Conclusions The study subjects was as many as 93 people consisting of 70 people (75.3%) males and 23 (24.7%) were females when viewed from the education level owned by inmates, the majority of inmates have a junior high school education (29%) and high school (45.2%), other elementary educational level, Diplomas, undergraduate and master degree. Each education level is still no more than 10%. Table 1: Coefficienta Subject N Coeff Coeff Square Sig. Male 70 .360 .1296 .001 Female 23 .145 .0210 .254 MaleFem ale 93 .297 .0882 .002 a. Dependent Variable: SWB b. Predictors: (Constant), Social Support (SS_TOT) From Table 1, it can be concluded that the role of the Social Support SWB level of 8.82% to the overall male and female subjects, whereas in male subjects alone amounted to 12.96%, and the female subjects only by 2.1%. However, the percentage difference in the role of social support to SWB in men and women when they are examined again can not be proven significantly. This can be seen by the gender variable in predicting SWB social support, as shown in Table 2, Table 3 and Table 4. In the third table, it can be seen that the role of gender and Social Support together in predicting SWB amounted to 11.6% (on a regression coefficient of .340, p 0.05) in predicting SWB. Table 3: ANOVAa Model Sum of Squares dfMean Square F Sig. Regression 389,489 2 194,745 5,877 ,004b 1 Residual 2982,124 90 33,135 Total 3371,613 92 Dependent Variable: SWB Predictors: (Constant), SS_TOT, SEX The insignificant sexedifference in predicting SWB, is also the evidence from calculations using independent sample t-test, that there is no difference in men and women in terms of their perceptions of social acceptance of support from the walinapi, and no difference of SWB in male and female subjects ( see table 5). Table 4: Coefficientsa Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig. B Std. Error Beta (Constant) 6,806 4,083 1,667 ,099 1 SEX 2,300 1,383 -,165 1,663 ,100 SS_TOT ,050 ,017 ,298 3,005 ,003 a. Dependent Variable: SWB Table 5 : Social support difference SWBbased on SEX SEX N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean t-test p SS_TOT 1,00 70 220,2143 34,91932 4,17366 -,040 . ,968 2,00 23 220,5652 40,41582 8,42728 SWB 1,00 70 15,5000 6,03552 ,72138 1,582 .117 2,00 23 13,2174 5,90806 1,23192 If the views of the role of each factor of the social support component of the SWB on the entire male and female subjects, it can be concluded that there are three factors that affect the level of social support SWB significantly (p CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Conclusion From the results of research, it can be concluded that: (1) the role of social support on SWB level of 8.82% to the overall male and female subjects, 12.96% in male subjects, and by 2.1% in female subjects; (2) On the whole Table 6: The correlation of social support components withSWB SS S_Emo S_Exp S_Info S_Inst S_Net SWLS Pearson Correlation ,297** ,267** ,173 ,193 ,321** ,346** Sig. (2-tailed) ,004 ,010 ,097 ,064 ,002 ,001 N 93 93 93 93 93 93 **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). SS: Social Support; S_Emo: Emotional Support; S_Exp: Expectation Support; S_Info: Information Support; S_Inst: Instrumental Support; S_Net: SocialNetwork Support. subject of men and women, there are three factors that affect the level of social support SWB significantly, ie emotional support, Informational Support and Support Social Network; (3) There is no difference in the level of social support and SWB in male and female subjects. Suggestion Although this study can not prove the existence of differences in social support and SWB by sex inmates, the Correctional Institution Class II A Wirogunan is expected to keep increasing the levels of walinapis ability to perform basic social support for prisoners, because it proves that the provision of social support can improve SWB of the inmates. In this case the expected social support of the inmates is the kind of emotional support, information support and social networking support.   REFERENCES Cohen. S. Mc Kay. 1984. Social support, stress, and the buffering hypothesis: an empirical review in a Baum. JE Singer, se Taylor (Eds). Handbook of Psychology and Health (Vol 4, pp 253-267) Hillsdale. NJ Erlbaum. Cummings. R.A. 1997. Comprehensive Quality of Life Scale-Adult (Manual). Fift Ed. Published by The School of Psychology Deakin University. Diener. E. Emmons. R. A. Larsen. R. J. Griffin. S. 1985. The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment. 49. 71-75. Diener. E. Oishi. S. Lucas. R. E. 2003. Personality, culture, and subjective well-being. Annual Review of Psycholgy. 54. 403-425. Harsono. H.S.CI. 1995. Sistem Baru Pembinaan Narapidana. Jakarta :Jembatan. Indiyah. 2001. Kebutuhan-kebutuhan Psikologis Narapidana. Psikonomi, 3 (1), 1-23. Iswandari. T Indiyah. 2007. Perbedaan Penyesuaian Sosial pada Narapidana yang Tinggal di Lembaga Pemasyarakatan Terbuka dan Tertutup. Skripsi. Yogyakarta: Fakultas Psikologi Universitas Wangsa Manggala. Johnson. D.W. Johnson. F. P. 2000. Joining Together: Group Theory Group Skill. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc. Kin. J.E. Nesselroade. J. R. 2003. Relationships Among Social Support, Self- Concept Well Being of Older Results: A Study of Process Using Dynamic Factor Models. International Journal of Behavior Development. Jan. 1. 27(1): 49-65. Lestari. L.P. Lailatushifah. S.N.F. 2008. Hubungan antara Berpikir Positif dengan Depresi pada Narapidana di Lembaga Pemasyarakatan Klas II A Yogyakarta. Skripsi. Yogyakarta: Fakultas Psikologi Universitas Mercu Buana. Phillips. D. 2008. Quality of Life: Concepts, Policy Practice. London New. PP No 28 Tahun 2006. Peraturan Pemerintah tentang Perubahan Atas Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 32 Tahun 1999 Tentang Syarat dan Tata Cara Pelaksanaan Hak Warga Binaan Pemasyarakatan. Rahardjo. Satjipto. 1996. Ilmu Hukum. Bandung: Citra Aditya Bakti. Sahrah. A. 2014. Colaborative conflict resolution stategy, emotional maturity and subjective well-being of the nurse. Proceeding of Asean Conference Psychology and Behavior Science, 27-30 Maret 2014. Jepang: IAFOR (The International Academic Forum). Sahrah. A. 2014. Destination Image and Subjective Well-Being of Students from outside Yogyakarta. Seminar Proceeding: International Seminar on Tourism. 25-26 Februari 2014. Yogyakarta: STIPRAM. Sahrah. A.; Lailatushifah. S.N.F.; Indiyah; Susilaningsih. KT.; Astuti. TA. 2011. Faktor faktor yang mempengaruhi Kesejahteraan Subjektif (Subjective Well-Being) narapidana Lembaga Pemasyarakatan Klas IIA Yogyakarta. Laporan Penelitian Lembaga Pemasyarakatan-Universitas Mercu Buana Yogyakarta. Sahrah. A.; Lailatushifah. S.N.F.; Indiyah; Susilaningsih. KT.; Astuti. TA. 2013. Structural model of the influencing factors of the subjective well-being of the prisoners. Prosiding of 5th international conference national workshop improving employee relations for a better organizational climate. 4 5 October 2013. Jakarta: Universitas Mercu Buana. Sarafino. E. P. 2004. Health Psychology Biopsychology Interaction. Third Edition. New York: John Willey and Sans. Sarafino.E.P. 2000. Health Psychology. New York; John Willey and Sans. Undang-UndangRINo.12tahun1995tentangLembaga Pemasyarakatan.

The Truth of War Exposed in A Farewell to Arms Essay -- Farewell Arms

The Truth of War Exposed in A Farewell to Arms The soldier takes his last breath as he faces the menacing glare of the beast known as the enemy gun.   Emotions run through him as he awaits the final blow that will determine his destiny.   Memories flash through his mind, none of which will be of any significance once he leaves this world.   Out of the barrel of the gun, had suddenly come terror, murder, and chaos, all at once.   "I say it's rotten.   Jesus Christ, I say it's rotten." (Hemingway 35)   Summarized in two sentences is Ernest Hemingway's personal attitude towards World War I.  Ã‚      In A Farewell to Arms by Hemingway, the characters criticize the war and views it as the source of their misery.  Ã‚   Instead of finding the patriotic and courageous hero engaged victorious battle scenes, this novel portrays the so-called hero as a brazen who lacks any ambition.   This is the story of war seen through the cynical eyes of a Red Cross ambulance driver who lived the horrors.   Through a combination of ironic, cynical and apathetic tones, Hemingway's contempt towards World War I is reflected in the nature surroundings and the voice of his characters. Primarily, Hemingway attempts to expose the truths behind the war through his characters by using a tone of cynicism.   In the dialogues and streams-of-consciousness, characters repeatedly avow their reprobation for the war. "Abstract words such as glory, honor, courage, or hallow were obscene." (185)   These words that once held meaning has now lost its significance.   No longer is the war about patriotism or courage; instead it is replaced by a certain crookedness, the national glories lost somewhere in-between the madness.   War is now where the soldiers  ... ...; and to achieve national glory, spirits are broken repeatedly until the point where they only wish to die.   The result is war, an outcome of the cruel and senseless world where violence is the backslash of violence.   There is no glory here; there is only condemnation.   The cynical words of Hemingway's characters are his own, the apathetic attitude of Fred is meant to represent himself, and the irony of the destruction on nature, is just one more reason why Hemingway opposes the war.   Hiding behind his characters, it's the diary of Hemingway himself.    Works Cited Hemingway, Ernest. A Farewell to Arms. 1929. New York, NY: Scribner Paperback Fiction, 1995. Nagel, James. "Catherine Barkley and Retrospective Narration." Critical Essays on Ernest Hemingway's A Farewell to Arms. Ed. George Monteiro. New York, NY: G. K. Hall & Co., 1994. 161-174.

Assess critically the contribution Essay

Taylorism is a form of job design, which stresses short, repetitive work cycles; detailed, set task sequences; a separation of task conception from task execution; and motivation linked to pay. Taylor argued that the principal objective of management should be to secure the maximum prosperity for the employer, coupled with the maximum prosperity for each employee (1911). Fredrick Taylor’s five principles of scientific management: 1. A clear division of tasks and responsibilities between management and workers. 2. Use of scientific methods to determine the best way of doing a job. 3. Scientific selection of the person to do the newly designed job. 4. The training of the selected worker to perform the job in the way specified. 5. Surveillance of workers through the use of hierarchies of authority and close supervision. Taylor proposed this by measuring what workers did against the time taken, to develop ‘one best way of working’ (1911). By using quantitative methods a workers output could be accurately measured. At the time of its inception Taylor found that firms who introduced scientific management as he prescribed became the worlds most meticulously organised factories (Nelson, 1980). Managers are responsible for identifying the best cost efficient work practices and training workers to become highly productive and affective in their specific work task. Taylor argued that it stands to reason that an employee becomes more productive when working at their speciality and concluded with stating that there are more benefits gained for both employees and employers from dividing workers. With linking pay to each task performed, Managers can thus control the workforce and output and consistently achieve desired goals. The piece rate pay system  pays workers in parallel to number of items each worker has produced, hence also providing employees with an incentive to work. Henry Ford’s theory (Fordism) referring to mass production in industry (Marcouse, 1996) united the idea of assembly line and Taylor’s theory of division of labour and payment. Fordism focused on dividing jobs into unskilled and semi-skilled tasks. Whilst managers at Ford vehemently opposed any relation to Taylorism, it can be said that Fordism retained the faults of Taylorism of an autocratic work environment with little room for creativity as well as the benefits of the piece rate system relying on financial motivation. Criticisms of Taylorism: 1.Assumed that the motivation of the employee was to secure the maximum earnings for the effort expended; and neglected the importance of other rewards from work (achievement, job satisfaction, recognition), which later research has found to be important. 2. Neglected the subjective side of work-the personal and interactional aspects of performance, the meaning that employees give to work and the significance to them of their social relationship at work. 3. Failed to appreciate the meaning that workers would put on new procedures ad their reaction to being timed and closely supervised. 4. Had inadequate understanding of the relation of the individual incentive to interaction with, and dependence on, the immediate work group. Taylor did attribute ‘underworking’ to group pressures, but misunderstood the way in which these worked. He failed to see that these might just as easily keep production and morale up. 5. Ignored the psychological needs and capabilities of workers. T he one best way of doing a job was chosen with the mechanistic criteria of speed and output. The imposition of a uniform manner of work can both destroy individuality and cause other psychological disturbances. 6. Had too simple approach to the question of productivity and morale. It sought to keep both of these up exclusively by economic rewards and punishments. Incentive approaches under the scientific approach tended to focus on the worker as an individual and ignored their social context. Pay system may result in a worker valuing quantity over quality. 7. Functional foremanship was deemed to be too  complex and an unwieldy mode of supervision. (Huczynski, 2013) Ways to alleviate the negative effects of Taylorism especially to worker motivation and performance and find new ways to job designs came about following the introduction of the American psychologists Fredrick Hertzberg two factor theory of motivation. Hertzberg had the idea that there were two sets of factors that affected motivation and job characteristics: Motivators: These factors refer to the extent to which a job offers opportunities for achievement, creativity, responsibility, opportunities for personal growth. These are intrinsic to the job itself. Hygiene factors: These comprise issue as the nature of supervision and supervisory style, the level of pay, working conditions, and interpersonal relations. These are extrinsic to the job. For Hertzberg it was only the motivator factors that have the potential to generate satisfaction and motivation. If hygiene factors are improved, they do not result in improved motivation, but if removed, will result in demotivation. To raise levels of motivation and therefore performance, following Hertzberg theory of motivation, companies needed to ensure that the hygiene factors were in place, and to also ensure that the ‘motivator factors’ (i.e intrinsic motivators) were incorporated into the jobs. In particular, jobs needed to be designed in such a way that workers could be given opportunities for achievement, responsibility and personal growth. Criticisms of Hertzberg two-factor theory: Can job characteristics fall neatly into two categories of motivators and hygiene factors? Can a job characteristic be both? (Example can pay be a motivator as well as a hygiene factor-?) Blunt and Jones (1992) They point out that some studies from Nigeria have indicated that hygiene factors, in particular pay, supervision and working conditions, acted as motivators. Machungwa and Schmidt (1983) reported on a study conducted in Zambia and found that material rewards and the physical conditions of work appeared to have both motivating and demotivating effects. This was interpreted by Blunt and Jones in the following way: if material rewards were inadequate they were demotivating, but they acted as motivators if they were perceived as reasonable. This appears to directly contradict Hertzberg’s theory, but Blunt and Jones consider that this is only likely to be the case in less developed countries, as Hertzberg (1987) himself appears also to argue. However, one study does not refute a theory. Hertzberg did his original work on qualified professionals, such as engineers, whereas the people surveyed in the study above were manual workers. This in itself might be enough to account for the difference. In general, we can expect professional or managerial workers everywhere to be more intrinsically motivated than ma nual workers given the different nature of the work that the two groups undertake, but as we shall see the way work is organized may compensate for such differences in the relative interest value of different types of work The theory is regarded as a Universalistic theory; that it will impact all individuals in the same way in all work situations. It does not take into consideration that some people may not have a desire for personal growth, and are therefore unlikely to be motivated by job enrichment initiatives that give them higher levels of autonomy and responsibility. Hertzberg theory was superseded by Richard Hackman and Greg Oldham ‘the Job Characteristics Model’; which argued in a similar respect to Hertzberg theory, that if jobs are enriched this will lead to improvements in attitudinal outcomes (increased satisfaction and motivation) and improvements in behavioural outcomes (higher productivity and lower rates of absenteeism). Three critical psychological states: Hackman and Oldham argued that jobs should be designed in such a way that they are focused on the achievement of three critical psychological states: Workers must experience work as being personally meaningful-something that  they care about. Workers must experience personal responsibility for their work- accountability for their work. Workers must know if their work performance is effective-they must have knowledge of the results of their work activities. If these 3 critical psychological states are achieved, higher levels of satisfaction, motivation and performance will result from the worker. However this theory too has had its criticisms. Current literature now argues the importance and focus on team working, however one should acknowledge that the interest in team working is not something that is new to current times. Autonomous and semi-autonomous work groups were central to earlier theories of the 1960’s and 1970’s. Team working has now re-emerged as part of the lean production & flexible working debates. An American Theorist, Harry Bravemen thesis known as the ‘Bravemen thesis argues to counter the popular view in social science and management literature that Taylorism has been superseded by human relations and other more sophisticated approaches; that there is in fact a tendency for workers and their jobs to become de-skilled through fragmentation, rationalisation and mechanisation. This argument of deskilling workers and jobs was continued in the context where it became known as McDonalization a term that came about after the publication of a book by Georg Ritz. McDonalisation is a form of work design aimed at achieving efficiency, calculability, predictability and control through non-human technology, to enhance organisational objectives by limiting employee discretion and creativity. He used the term to refer to the processes used at the growing number of fast food restaurants dominating the American market. McDonalds is a modern example of the Taylorised way of work. The tasks are de-skilled and simplified for an employee at McDonalds and limited by the  sophisticated technology of fast food preparation. Hamburger grilling instructions are detailed and precise, cooking times and the sequence of events dictated to make a burger. Drinks dispensers, French fry machines, programmed cash registers all limit the amount of time required to carry out a specific task and leave little room for the employee to do as they wish, little room for creativity or innovation to processes. This way of working ensures the aims of the organisation to achieve greatest efficiency, calculability, predictability and control all of the key elements described by the Ritzer’s ‘Mcdonalization’. Regardless of the fact that the de-skilling may lead to de-motivated employees, which may result in high absenteeism and high staff turn over; its ability to integrate new workers into the production processes and dismiss employees without losing knowledge form the organization allows the model to still be successful. Taylorism can also be illustrated in modern day call centres. A case study on a customer service call centre run by two British Companies, Martin Beirne, Kathleen Riach and Fiona Wilson found strong continuities with Taylorism, in relation to work design and operation. They found the work to be pressurized and highly paced with managements focus on productivity and cost minimisation. Most of the jobs were narrowly defined and closely monitored. The time duration of each call taken; the content of the conversation with each customer; and the advise also given to the customer was prescribed (from Beirne et al 2004). But modern day illustrations of Taylorism don’t end there. It is also seen in relation to ‘scientific selection & training’. We’ve now moved away from an industrial economy towards a knowledge –based economy where an organisations competitive success depends on its talent. Much effort is devoted by contemporary organisations to select and recruit the right person for a role. Taylorism also placed importance and the introduction of scientific selection criteria by management to do a particular task. In line with his emphasis on scientific approach to selection, Taylor advocates scientific training as he argues that â€Å"it is only when business systematically cooperate to train the competent man†¦that it shall be on the road to national efficiency†. (Taylor, 1911: p 98). In the context of the knowledge  economy, organisations are generally encouraged to develop employees’ skills and knowledge. ‘Now one of the very first requirements of man who is to handle pig iron as a regular occupation is that he shall be so stupid and so phlegmatic that he more nearly resembles in his mental make-up the ox than any other type. The man who is mentally alert and intelligent is for this very reason entirely unsuited to what would, for him, be the grinding monotony of work to this character. Therefore the work man who is best suited to handling pig iron is unable to understand the real science of doing this class of work’. (Taylor 1911/1997 pg 59) â€Å"The task is always so regulated that the man who is well suited to his job will thrive while working at this rate during a long term of years and grow happier and more prosperous, instead of being overworked†. (Taylor 1911) Thus scientific management matched the worker to the job and in the process separated the conceptualization of work from its execution. It also provided safeguards against personal bias and individual favoritism, which is something that can still be applied to the current context of contemporary organisations. Taylorism is also found in the Saudi Educational system, for example metaphorically describing students as the ‘raw material’ of schools; controlling the movement of teachers & students through class bells; conceiving of the curriculum as a product; dividing students into grades or dividing curriculum into units and individual lessons; describing the school facilities as a ‘plant’ are a result of a ‘factory model’ schooling that has its roots in the adoption of scientific management principles by educational administrators. Contemporary schools in Saudi are still largely influenced with its teaching and learning deeply rooted in ‘scientific management’ as seen with the following: 1. Schools are large and bureaucratized. 2. Students change teachers every year. 3. Teachers plan and teach alone. 4. Curriculum is fragmented. 5. Tracking students by ability levels. 6. Deskilling of teachers through alignment of teaching mandated curriculum and standardized tests. 7. Emphasis on monitoring /surveillance & bureaucratic activity-scripted curriculum and scripted tests. Taylorism does not permit autonomy in work. Input by production workers in the organisation, planning, and direction of the manufacturing process was not allowed, requiring workers to do exactly what they were told to do and no more. This authoritarian approach to work can been illustrated in the schooling: That student’s are excluded from the planning, organisation and direction of the educational process. De-skilling of the teachers as their work is conceptualised by others (Ministry of Education who agrees the standard curriculum to be used in schools) and enforced by the bureaucratic outcome of accountability systems implemented in schools. The other way that Taylorism continues to influence the education system is through the use of individual rewards for individual effort (example the focus on a students individual test results). Taylor developed wage-incentive schemes emphasizing piecework and historically assembly line foremen attempted to stop any sort of worker inter action. Elton Mayo who introduced Human Relations theory based on his research at the Hawthorne electrical factory was to see how productivity will improve if the lighting condition changes and he followed Taylor’s scientific principles by testing the changes against a control, with part of the factory lighting being unchanged, (Kelly 1982). This lead him to conduct further experiments which vast doubts on Taylors assumptions about the importance of money in motivation (Marcouse, 1996). According to Huczynski and Buchan, the conclusions which can be drawn from Hawthorne studies are: 1. People at work are motivated by more than just pay and conditions. 2. Their need for recognition and sense of belonging are very important. 3. A person’s attitude to work is shaped strongly by the group in which that individual  belongs within the company. 4. The ability of the informal group or clique to motivate an individual at work should not be underestimated. (Huczynski and Buchanan 1991) . Another contributor to the Human Relations approach is Abraham Harold Maslow, an American psychologist who was best known for creating Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. They range from physical & social to psychological needs. Maslow (1943, 1954) stated that human motivation is based on people seeking fulfilment and change through personal growth. Self-actualized people as those who were fulfilled and doing all they were capable of. The Human Relations models have changed management and how workers are in fact valuable employees and stakeholders of an organisation. The key difference between scientific management and the human relations model is highlighted when analysing the motivational techniques to increase productivity. Scientific management emphasises the use of financial measures in order to secure employers objectives whereas the human relations model argues that management should acquire the insight into the skills that will manipulate social factors in order to harness their employees social needs to managerial ends (Fincham & Rhodes, 1999). Thus, behavioural science; motivation theories in combination with the humanistic theories of management, have added to Taylors principles and allowed for contemporary organizations to succeed where scientific management alone failed. Taylorism was an influential management theory of the late nineteenth century. Despite its relevance to its time the influence can still be seen in todays twenty first century: educational institutes, service sector and the manufacturing industries. Though there are limitations to his method, this principle has a considerable profound and lasting influence to all contemporary organizations because of  Taylor’s â€Å"preoccupation with the efficient use of resources†. This philosophy can almost apply to every organization, despite its work structure, such as structures of team working or job enrichment; one of the ultimate goals should be improve efficiency. As Braverman says, â€Å"the principle of scientific management is not a failed system, but a set of guiding principles which continue to inform and influence the role and function of modern management†. Some of the methods he advocates, such as division of labour, scientific selection and training, have become the features of modern society. More primarily, as efficiency is one of the enduring needs of all organizations, his preoccupation with the efficient use of resources thus becomes the driving force behind the evolution of subsequent management theories and the root of management practice. References: Huczynski, A. and Buchanan, D: Organisational Behaviour. Eighth Edition. Pearson 2013. Huczynski, A. and Buchanan, D.,1991. Organizational behaviour An Introductory Text. Second edition. London: Prentice Hall International (UK) Ltd. Hertzberg,F., B.Mausner and B.Snyderman: The motivation to work (New york: Wiley 1959). Taylor F.W (1997): The principles of scientific management. Mincola, NY (original work published 1911). Braverman, H (1974): Labour and Monoploy capital: The degradation of work in the twentieth century. New York Monthly review press. Kelly, John. (1982), Scientific Management, Job Redesign, & Work Performance. Academic †¨Press. Marcouse, I. et al. (1996), The Complete A-Z Business Studies Handbook, Hodder & †¨Stoughton. Ritzer, George. (2000) The McDonaldization Of Society. Sage Publications Inc. Taylor, Frederick W (1911) The Principles of Scientific Management, Harper Bros. Fincham, R & Rhodes, P (1999) Priniciples of Organisational Behaviours, Oxford Univeristy Press. Nelson, David (1980) Frederick W Taylor and the Rise of Scientific Management, The University of Wisconsin Press. Maslow, A. H. (1943). A Theory of Human Motivation. Psychological Review, 50(4), 370-96. Maslow, A. H. (1954). Motivation and Personality. New York: Harper and Row.